The polite listener In England stares at the speaker attentively and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. And in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign Languages, culture and Language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present Language without its culture. However, until a new method of teaching Language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks and Language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign Language can be used as naturally and authentically as the native speakers of target Language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching culture, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign Languages are taught with different and varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign Language learners to get familiar with the culture of foreign Language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second Language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native culture and adopts the culture of foreign Language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to culture, and teaching foreign Language are put forward.

The purpose of this study is to determine the delay rate of scientific Persian Language journals, and to identify the reasons and provide practical recommendations for timely publication of such journals. A survey and descriptive method was used. Data were collected from the journal section of Astan Quds Razavi Library, Magiran Database and Database of Scientific Journal Publication of Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. Findings showed that 291 titles of 422 titles (69%) are not published on due time. 3.21% of the titles had only 1 issue delay, and 27% of the titles had more than three issues delay. The longer delay is seen in titles published in the fields of agriculture, humanities, basic science and the lowest delay was observed in the fields of medical science, engineering and art. The most important causes of delay are discussed and strategies for improving the situations are described.

Down Syndrome (SD), the most common genetic cause of mental retardation, results in characteristic physical and neuropsychological deficits and abnormalities especially within the scope of cognitive and linguistic abilities. This study has been carried out to introduce and investigate some of the most important and efficient causes involved in speech delay and linguistic deficits in DS. These causes are:1- Structural and functional deficits in speech articulatory organs.2- Hearing impairments.3- Short – term memory impairments.4- The specific laterality pattern in Language perception and articulation.5- Structural and functional brain abnormalities.It is necessary to note that most researchers believe that brain abnormalities especially in cognitive- linguistic regions is the most prominent in the before – mentioned causes. It worth noting these brain abnormalities have great varieties.

Objectives: This study aimed at adapting and examining the applicability of the Teach-ModelCoach-Review model of the Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT) approach for improving Iranian mothers’ Language strategies while interacting with their toddlers with expressive Language delay. Methods: In a single-subject multiple-baseline across-behavior study, the mothers of 3 toddlers with expressive Language delay attended a series of intervention sessions to be taught how to modify their interaction strategies/behaviors, including noticing and responding, turntaking, and expanding. Their behaviors were video-recorded, and the percentages of mother’ s behaviors were calculated. Visual analysis and an Improvement Rate Difference (IRD) metric were provided to document the mothers’ progress. Fidelity was checked, using a checklist of items taught by the clinician, as well as a quality check of the sessions. Results: Mothers indicated the improved levels of strategy usage after receiving EMT and maintained their skills at criterion levels after the termination of the intervention. IRD for notice-respond, turn-taking, and expanding was 0. 88, 0. 91, and 0. 88 for FA’ s mother, respectively. IRD was 0. 92 and 1 for AM’ s mother. The two strategies of notice-response and turn-taking showed IRDs of 1 and 0. 66 for KA’ s mother. Discussion: Iranian speech therapists employ a Persian-adapted edition of the Teach-Model-Coach-Review model of EMT with confidence to follow the improvement of parents’ strategies usage within an early intervention course of management of child Language delay. The model provides a systematic education of parents to address the communication needs of their children.

Easy access to social media enables users to express their opinions and ideology about various topics like news, videos, and personalities freely, without any fear, and often in an offensive manner. It is a vital task to detect comments with offensive Language on social media platforms and relies on a complete and comprehensive tagged dataset. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce and make publicly available PerBOLD, a new Persian comment dataset collected from Instagram as a popular platform among Iranian. We follow a two-level manual annotation process in order to determine whether a comment has offensive Language or not and fine-grained tags of different types of offensive Language. Furthermore, we present some interesting aspects of data and analysis them.

Explaining the meaning of “Clear Arabic Language” (Arabic: لسان عربیّ مبین) in the Holy Quran according to the opinions of the commentators (the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran) and the semantic functions of the words is the main issue of this research. Differences of opinion of commentators (Arabic: مفسّر; plural: Arabic: مفسّرون, Romanized: mufassirūn) and citing their views for different reasons necessitated this research. The present article has been studied and evaluated the opinions of the commentators in interpreting the verse and considers their views about “Clear Arabic Language” (Arabic: لسان عربیّ مبین) in four parts. These include: Taḥaddī (Arabic: تحدّی, The Quranic Challenge), the Language of the audience and the place of revelation, the honor and capacities of the Arabic Language, the eloquence and explicitness of the specific Language of the Qur'an. The results of the research show that the “Clear Arabic Language” beyond the opinions of the commentators is a common understanding that has revealed the superhuman Language of revelation through human conversational style and considered the universal characteristics, transhumanism, transhistorical of the Holy Book of Quran while considering the conditions and understanding of the audience. Paying attention to the Quranic meaning of related words and narrations as well as Saussure’s linguistic point of view can confirm the recent meaning.

Background: There is a large amount of data on the prevalence and risk factors of speech and Language delay from the West, but relatively scanty data from India.Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of speech and Language delay in children less than three years old, using the Langauge Evaluation Scale Trivandrum (LEST 0-3).Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross sectional study was conducted in the under-five clinic of our institute, on a sample of 200 children, less than three years old. Language was assessed using Language Evaluation Scale Trivandrum (LEST 0-3) and development in other domains was assessed using the Trivandrum Development Screening Chart (TDSC). The Home Screening Questionnaire (HSQ) was used to assess the home environment. Various biological and environmental risk factors were analyzed.Results: The prevalence of speech and Language delay was found to be 27%. In univariate analysis, parameters found to be significantly associated with speech and Language delay were male gender, poor home environment (score  19 in the Home Screening Questionnaire) and family history of speech and Language delay. In multivariate analysis, poor home environment (CI=0.20 - 0.80, P =0.01) and positive family history (CI=0.09 - 0.72, P=0.01) were significant risk factors. There was a significant association between delay in TDSC and speech delay. However, TDSC alone had a low sensitivity of 33% in detecting speech and Language delay.Conclusions: Prevalence of speech and Language delay is high (27%) in children less than three years of age attending the Under- Five clinic for at-risk children. Negative home environment and family history of speech and Language disorders are significant risk factors for speech and Language delay. The strong association of speech delay with delay in TDSC reemphasizes the need for a complete developmental assessment in any child with speech delay. The TDCS alone fails to detect significant number of cases of speech delay, showing the need to perform a separate speech screening test.

In order to determine the role of the US withdrawal from Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA) in 2018 in the evolution and change of the poverty framing, this study analyzes how poverty is framed in two categories of specialized (including leadership, Dolat, Mizan, Icana) and general websites (including Fars, Moj and Young Journalists Club) during 2017, 2018 and 2019. For this, it uses Framing as a theory, and the technique of Pan and Kosicki’s Frame analysis as a research method. Findings are categorized in four groups as syntactical, script, thematic, and rhetorical. The review indicates that 42,302 news and reports are distributed in these websites in the research period that 275 were identified as samples and recorded and analyzed in Maxquda software. The results show that, except for the Young Journalists Club, the way poverty is framed has changed on all cases since the imposition of sanctions, and sanctions highlighted as one of the main causes of poverty in the framing of poverty. In regard of agenda setting, the coverage of poverty news and reports is less than 10%; the poverty news coverage has been declining over the three years under study. The websites of Leadership and Moj have the largest coverage, and Young Journalists Club has the least amount (less than 1%) of coverage. Due to his type of agenda setting, the problem of poverty is marginalized in public opinion. The framing of poverty with emphasis on the US withdrawal from JCPA as the cause of poverty represent poverty as a temporary issue, silences the voice of the poor, and depicts the emergence of a new social form in Iranian society.